Global trade dynamics are strongly influenced by international politics. Relations between countries play an important role in shaping trade policies and existing agreements. As political power changes, trade patterns may also change. One of the main factors influencing this dynamic is the protectionist trade policies implemented by certain countries. For example, the trade war between the United States and China creates significant uncertainty in global markets. High tariff policies lead to a decrease in trade volume and force companies to look for alternative markets. In addition, international organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization) play a role in creating a framework for fair trade. However, geopolitical tensions often hinder the negotiation and implementation process of agreements. When member countries disagree, this can cause disruption to market stability. The influence on the movement of goods and services can also be seen from bilateral and multilateral relations. Free trade agreements make market access easier, but often require sacrifices in other aspects such as the environment and working conditions. Countries that ratify this agreement must meet certain criteria that may affect local industry. On the other hand, economic sanctions as a political tool often trigger negative impacts on trade. For example, sanctions against Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine caused major disruptions in global energy markets. The affected countries started with the inability to sell or buy certain commodities, causing extreme price fluctuations. Dynamics are also influenced by technological developments. Innovations in logistics and communications enable cross-border trade to become increasingly efficient. However, unequal access to technology can widen the gap between developed and developing countries. In a political context, developing countries may struggle to gain a better bargaining position in negotiations. The shift in economic power to Asia, especially China, has changed the global trade map. Massive investments and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) policies show how China is seeking to expand its influence. This poses a challenge for other countries to respond to this policy with appropriate strategies. Political instability in various regions, such as the Middle East and Latin America, also contributes to trade uncertainty. Armed conflicts, humanitarian crises and displacement of people are causing disruption to global supply chains. Countries in the region often experience a decline in foreign investment, which in turn affects their economic growth. Finally, climate change and environmental issues have become an integral part of global trade. Countries are starting to adopt more sustainable policies, although they often conflict with short-term economic interests. International conferences and climate agreements influence the way countries conduct trade, with an emphasis on social and environmental responsibility. By involving aspects of international politics in global trade analysis, we can understand the complexity and uncertainty faced. The combination of both protectionist and open policies influences the way businesses operate on an international scale, creating challenges and opportunities for all parties involved.
